9/13/1945 -  Major General Douglas D. Gracey, of the Army of the United Kingdom, arrives in Vietnam to supervise the disarming of the Army of Japan, and reassert imperialist French colonial control.
Postscript: Within two weeks Gracey had a serious confrontation with Lieutenant Colonel A. Peter Dewey, of the Office of Strategic Services, head a seven-member team that had been sent to Saigon to find American prisoners of war. Gracey and Dewey had an instant mistrust of each other, Gracey for being pro-French, and Dewey for being pro-Vietminh. Consequently, Gracey ordered Dewey to leave Vietnam.
Kurnow, 139, 675.

9/21/1945 - Major General Douglas D. Gracey, of the Army of the United Kingdom, violates the orders he had received from Allied Commander for Southeast Asia, Lord Louis Mountbatten, and declares martial law in Saigon. Gracey bans public meetings by Vietnamese citizens, and indigenous language newspapers closed down'although French electronic media are allowed to continue to function. Realizing he cannot enforce his rule with only eighteen hundred British, Indian and Gurkha troops under his command, Gracey arms fourteen hundred paratroopers and Foreign Legionnaires, of the Army of France, who had been interned during the Japanese occupation.
Kurnow, 148-49.

9/22/1945 - Foreign Legionnaires (many of whom have felony records) and paratroopers, of the Army of France, who had been armed by southern Vietnamese military dictator Major General Douglas D. Gracey, of the Army of the United Kingdom, the day before, go on a rampage in Saigon. The soldiers raid city hall, then move onto police stations, and other public buildings, raising the French flag from rooftops. Emboldened French citizens take up arms, and raid the homes of indigenous Vietnamese, indiscriminately clubbing men, women and children.
Kurnow, 149.

9/25/1945 - The Vietnamese-French War/First Vietnam War begins in Saigon: a general strike, which had been called by the Vietminh the day before, in response to anti-Vietnamese rioting, by French colonials, three days previous, paralyzes the city: utilities do not function; shops and offices are closed; public transportation has disappeared from the streets. Twenty thousand panicked French citizens barricade themselves into the Continental Palace Hotel. Meanwhile Vietminh guerillas close down the airport, burn the central market, and storm the local prison liberating hundreds of their comrades. In the Cit' H'rault, Binh Xuyen terrorists (a splinter group from the Vietminh) sneak through armed Japanese soldiers, who had been ordered to protect the Saigon suburb and massacre any French citizens that could be found.
Kurnow, 149.

9/26/1945 - Lieutenant Colonel A. Peter Dewey, of the Office of Strategic Services, becomes the first American to die in Vietnam. Dewey is killed, after he is mistaken for a French officer at a Vietminh roadblock in Saigon. Dewey had been on his way to the airport, having been ordered to leave by Major General Douglas D. Gracey, of the Army of the United Kingdom. Before leaving, Dewey summed up in his final report to William J. 'Wild Bill' Donovan, Director of the OSS, 'Cochinchina is burning, the French and British are finished here, and we [the United States] ought to clear out of Southeast Asia.'
 Postscript: In appreciation for OSS officers having saved his life eight months previous, General Ho Chi Minh, of the Vietminh, sent a letter of condolence to the James Byrnes, secretary of state.
Kurnow, 139-40, 675. [added 4/14/2002]

3/6/1946 - General Ho Chi Minh, of the Vietminh Militia, reluctantly agrees with Jean Sainteny, special emissary of President Felix Gouin of France, to allow twenty-five thousand soldiers from the Army of France into Vietnam, for a period of five years. This is an effort to drive out their ancient enemy the Chinese'on the condition that France recognizes Vietnamese independence. Ho has a very difficult persuading his lieutenants that the French were a lesser evil than the Chinese:

"You fools! Don't you realize what it means if the Chinese remain? Don't you remember you history? The last time the Chinese came, they stayed a thousand years. The French are foreigners. They are weak. Colonialism is dying. The white man is finished in Asia. But if the Chinese stay now, they will never go. As for me, I prefer to sniff French s___ for five years than eat Chinese s___ for the rest of my life."

Kurnow, 153.

3/18/1946 - Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh agrees to the return of the Army of France to Vietnam, to protect the Vietnamese from their traditional enemies, the Chinese (the Nationalist faction under dictator Chaing Kai Shek). In return, France agrees to recognize the concept of Vietnamese independence modeled after the British Commonwealth of Nations:

"The French Government recognises the Republic of Vietnam as a free state, having its Government. its Parliament, its army, and its finances, and forming part of the Indochinese Federation and the French Union.

The Government of Vietnam declares itself ready to receive the French army in friendly fashion when, in accord with international agreements, it relieves the Chinese troops. An annex attached to the present Preliminary Convention will fix the terms under which the operation of relief will take place.

The Government of Vietnam declares itself ready to receive the French army in friendly fashion when, in accord with international agreements, it relieves the Chinese troops. An annex attached to the present Preliminary Convention will fix the terms under which the operation of relief will take place.

The stipulations formulated above shall enter into effect immediately upon exchange of signatures. Each of the contracting parties shall take necessary steps to end hostilities, to maintain troops in their respective positions, and to create an atmosphere favourable for the immediate opening of friendly and frank negotiations. These negotiations shall deal particularly with the diplomatic relations between Vietnam and foreign states, the future status of Indochina, and economic and cultural interests. Hanoi, Saigon, and Paris may be indicated as the locales of the negotiations.

Postscript: The following November the French reneged on the agreement, and bombed Viet Minh positions at Haiphong harbor. After a month of fighting, the Viet Minh retreated into the jungles and hills, and resumed guerilla warfare against the French.

6/1/1946 - High Commissioner for Indochina, Admiral Thierry d'Argenlieu, of the Army of France, proclaims a separate government for Cochinchina (the southern third of Vietnam). This is in violation of the agreement three months previous that France would respect the establishment of a single, autonomous Vietnam.
Kurnow, 676. 

3/8/1949 - President Vincent Auriol, of France, and former French and Japanese puppet Emperor Bao Dai, of Vietnam (who has no popular support from his countrymen), sign the Elys'e Agreement. The pact reaffirms the principle of Vietnamese independence, unifies the regions of Cochinchina (south), Amman (central), and Tonkin (north) into a united Vietnam; but the agreement also allows France to maintain control of financial, foreign and military affairs.
Kurnow, 177.

2/7/1950 - The Cold War contniues: Fearing a communist takeover in Southeast Asia, Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Truman extends diplomatic recognition to the puppet French-Vietnamese government of King Bao Dai. During the Axis War (World War II), the Army of Japan allowed 'king' Bao Dai to remain on the throne as a puppet ruler. The majority of the Vietnamese people now see Bao Dai as a Japanese collaborator and traitor, and will not support his rule over them. Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the independent Vietnam movement, who, during the Axis War saved many downed American pilots from the fate of a Japanese prisoner of war camp, interprets this as an act of betrayal. Ho vows to purge his land of foreign Franco-American influence.
 NOTE: Beginning in 1949, and throughout the decade of the 1950s, communist Yugoslavia was the receipient of millions of 'dollars' worth of United States military and economic aid, as a check against Soviet expansion in Europe. But not such aid was given to Ho as a check against Chinese expansion in Asia.  Phyliss Auty, Tito, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970), 255-56. Kurnow, 677. Truman, 433. 

5/1/1950 - Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Truman announces a ten million 'dollar' military aid package for France, to aid its struggle to maintain its colony in Indochina (Vietnam). Truman is sending this aid to be used against his loyal, one-time ally Ho Chi Minh.
Postscript: By the end of 1953, the U.S. was paying over 80% of the cost of the Franco-Vietnamese War/First Vietnam War, at a total expenditure of over two billion 'dollars.' Date not exact.
Please get the family supply of pink bismuth off of the shelf to prepare to read the Chapter 1 Link. The intervention by HST murdered almost 60,000 Americans and about 1.5 million Vietnamese, Thais, etc. I have to put HST down on the list of the worst U.S. dictators with Lincoln, Wilson and FDR, et al. And Eisenhower wasn't much better, but with his experience he should have known better. Add the Korean war casualties to those of the Vietnam war and we have about 100,000 American dead and 3.5 million dead Asians; for what? Truman's ego? It is little wonder that the rest of the world sees America as a mad bomber, not of a few buildings and school buses, as tragic as those things are, but of whole nations in their millions of souls. ' JL

6/27/1950 - The United Nations Security Council passes Resolution 82, authorizing Commander-in-Chief Truman to use military force against the communist Democratic Republic of (North) Korea. In compliance, Truman issues a press release stating that he is extending the Truman Doctrine to the Pacific, and orders United States Armed Forces'Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force'(private mercenaries) to South Korea. This begins the United States fifth foreign war (this time undeclared). Although he was a valued ally during the Axis War (World War II), Truman does not trust General Ho Chi Minh, of the communist Vietnminh, for fear that Ho will align with Vietnam's ancient enemy the mainland, communist People's Republic of ('Red') China. Also at this time, Truman orders the Seventh Fleet of the United States Navy to patrol the waters off the coast of Taiwan, in case of Chinese decides to enter the Korean-American War.
In a short note to Republican (fascist/socialist) governor Thomas E. Dewey, of new york, whom Truman had defeated for the presidency two years earlier, he writes, 'we [will] champion liberty wherever the tyranny of communism is the aggressor.'
U.N. Yearbook, 4 (1950): 222-24. Ambrose, 119. Thomas A. Bailey, The Pugnacious Presidents: White House Warriors on Parade, (New York: The Free Press, 1980), 415. Calvin D. Linton, ed., The Bicentennial Almanac: 200 Years of America, 1776-1976, (New York: Thomas Nelson, 1977), 372-73. 

6/28/1950 - Three days after the outbreak of war on the Korean peninsula, Commander-in-Chief Truman'without congressional authorization'orders the clandestine, illegal shipment of eight C-47 cargo transports, laden with fifteen million 'dollars' in weapons to aid France in the First Vietnam/Franco-Vietnamese War.
Kurnow, 177.
This was the second undeclared war that Truman got us into inside of one week. The casualties total for both of Truman's wars add to 351,756, for the U.S. alone. It wouldn't end until 1973; the Korean War is still under a 1953 truce, and may never end. ''

5/20/1953 - Upon assuming command of the French Union Forces in Vietnam, General Henri-Eugene Navarre, of the Army of France, says 'Now we can see [success in Vietnam] clearly, like light at the end of a tunnel'.

1/1/1954 - United States Army General J. Lawton Collins (private mercenary) arrives in Saigon, Vietnam, as the special representative of Republican (fascist/socialist) President Eisenhower, to assure the rival southern government of Emperor Bao Dai of a one hundred million 'dollar' aid package.
Kurnow, 678. The exact day for this event is not known.

3/13/1954 - The Presidium (the executive committee of 37 elected from among the membership of the upper legislative house), of the Soviet Union, issues an internal memo creating the Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (Committee of State Security), a super agency responsible for foreign intelligence, training of future military officers, maintaining border and emigration integrity, investigating and punishing crime, the maintenance of domestic order and morality, ensuring the delivery of goods and services, and the proper dissemination of public information.
NOTE: Were the United States to establish the equivalent of the KGB it would have to merge the Air Force, Military and Naval academies; Border Patrol; Bureau of Prisons; Central Intelligence Agency; Drug Enforcement Agency; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Immigration and Naturalization Service; National Security Agency; National Security Council; Secret Service; and United States National Guard into one consolidated agency. It would also be necessary to include all municipal functions of civil defense, along with all private labor unions and major new services.

The siege at Di'n Bi'n Ph' begins: General Vo Nguyen Giap, of the Vietminh Militia, attacks the Far East Expeditionary Corps of France, which had fortified itself 35 miles inside Laos from the Vietnam border. The fort had been set up as a trap for the Vietnamese army by Brigadier General Christian Marie Ferdinand de la Croix de Castries, who plans to annihilate the Vietnamese independence movement by drawing it out into the open then destroying it with superior air power.
Kurnow, 678.
Since this idiot also built his fortress on a valley floor, around his only means of reliable support, an airfield. Giap had his people slowly drag artillery tubes and ammo up the backside trails, until they could drop plunging fire down on the Legionnaires, at will. Giap also launched sappers to approach the French lines at their choice of points. The French lost a lot of people and finally surrendered, beaten. As did the United States almost two decades later. '' JL

5/7/1954 - The Vietnamese-French War/First Vietnam War ends at the battle of Di'n Bi'n Ph': Viet Minh guerillas, under the command of General Vo Nguyen Giap defeat the Far East Expeditionary Corps of France, commanded by Brigadier General Christian Marie Ferdinand de la Croix de Castries, forcing the French to negotiate with the Vietnamese on the subject of independence for the Vietnam.
 Kurnow, 678. 

7/21/1954 - French and Vietnamese negotiators conclude the 1954 Treaty of Paris: Cambodia and Laos are granted immediate independence, and Vietnam is to be partitioned between a northern half under the control of Ho Chi Minh, while the southern half is to be ruled by a pro-French government, with unification elections to be held in two years.


2/12/1955 - Commander-in-Chief Eisenhower orders the first United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) to serve as combat advisors to the kleptocratic (rule by thieves) Republic of (South) Vietnam.

10/24/1955 - Republican (fascist/socialist) President Eisenhower extends diplomatic recognition to the kleptocratic (rule by thieves) Republic of (South) Vietnam, and sends 100 million 'dollars' in military assistance for its civil war against communist Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam.

10/26/1955 -  Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem declares independence for the kleptocratic (rule by thieves) Republic of (South) Vietnam'with himself as its first President'by refusing to hold unification elections with the north. This prompts Ho Chi Minh, leader of the communist Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam to begin the two-decade long First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War.

7/8/1959 - South Vietnamese communist guerillas at Bien Hoa, South Vietnam, kill United States Army Major Dale Buis and Master Sergeant Chester Ovnard (private mercenaries). They are the first Americans to die during what is to become the Vietnamese-American War.

12/20/1960 -  South Vietnamese communist guerillas organize the National Liberation Front for (kleptocratic, rule by thieves, South) Vietnam, to carry out guerilla war operations against the government of dictator Ngo Dinh Diem.  NOTE: The rival southern government referred to the NLFSV as the 'Vietcong' (Vietnamese for 'Communist Vietnamese').
Kurnow, 680.

8/10/1961 -  Operation Ranch Hand begins: The United States Air Force (private mercenaries) begin spraying a 1:1 mixture of 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, commonly known as the defoliant 'Agent Orange,' in the kleptocratic (rule by thieves) Republic of (South) Vietnam. The intention is to destroy the jungle foliage, allow Army of the Republic of Vietnam pilots to search for and destroy Vietcong positions. Not only does Agent Orange destroy foliage, but also crops.
Postscripts:
Over the next decade, over 19 million gallons of Agent Orange were sprayed over thirty thousand square miles of South Vietnam. This did not defeat the Vietcong. But it did consistently destroy rice crops, causing famine and overcrowding in the cities.
Four decades later the last of the 20,000,000 tons of herbicides and defoliants were dropped on Vietnam, much of the attacked areas remain unable to support anything other than a weed known as 'American Grass.'
Not to mention the poisoning of U.S. troops, and the thirty years of denials and cover-ups. The public's anger was directed at Dow and Dupont, etc., who were mere vendors, incapable of command decisions. '' JL

12/11/1961 - The first United States combat forces (private mercenaries) arrive in Vietnam, consisting of two helicopter companies: 32 aircraft and 400 Soldiers.

2/6/1962 - The United States Military Assistance Command is formed in South Vietnam.

3/9/1962 - Department of Defense officials admit United States pilots (private mercenaries) are flying combat missions in Vietnam.
David Wallechinsky and Irving Wallace, eds., The People's Almanac, (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1975), 246.

2/19/1963 - Robert Strange McNamara, Secretary of Defense, announces that 'victory is in sight in Vietnam.'
Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States, (New York: Harper Colophon, 1980; HarperPerenial, 1980), 538.

6/5/1963 - Henry Cabot Lodge, ambassador to South Vietnam, assures General Khanh of the South Vietnamese Army that 'the United States government would in the immediate future be preparing U.S. public opinion for actions against North Vietnam.'
Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States, (New York: Harper Colophon, 1980; HarperPerenial, 1980), 489-90.

8/24/1963 - Commander-in-Chief Kennedy orders Henry Cabot Lodge, ambassador to South Vietnam, to help co-ordinate activities that will lead to dictator Ngu Dinh Diem's overthrow.
Lasky, 94.

11/2/1963 - A military coup, financed by the Central Intelligence Agency, assassinates Ngo Dinh Diem, dictator of The (kleptocratic) Republic of (South) Vietnam.
NOTE: This begins the U.S.' fourth attempt at 'nation-building.'
Doug Bandow, 'Nation-Building's Grim Record,' Orange County (California) Register, 25 April 2003, Local:7. Ellen J. Hammer, A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963, (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1987), 296-99. Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States, (New York: Harper Colophon, 1980; HarperPerenial, 1980), 465.

11/26/1963 - The Vietnamese-American War begins: Commander-in-Chief Lyndon Johnson issues National Security Action Memorandum 273, escalating United States involvement in the First Vietnamese Civil War:

"We should seek to turn the tide not only of battle but of belief, and we should seek to increase not only the control of hamlets but the productivity of this area, especially where the proceeds can be held for the advantage of anti-Communist forces.....Planning should include different levels of possible increased activity, and in each instance there should he estimates of such factors as...The plausibility of denial..."

Question: By what lawful authority did Johnson propose to fight Marxism abroad, and then impose it at home via the 'War on Poverty,' a.k.a. the 'Great Society?'

5/27/1964 - Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Johnson confides in McGeorge Bundy, his National Security Advisor, 'I stayed awake last night thinking about this [Vietnam] thing, and the more I think of it'I don't think its worth fighting for, and I don't think we can get out, and it's just the biggest damn mess [sic].'
Robert Scheer. 'Face It'Our Behavior in the War Was Evil,' Los Angeles Times, 2 May 2000, B13.

8/2/1964 - In an effort to involve America in another undeclared foreign war (the Vietnamese-American War), the United States government fabricates the Gulf of Tonkin Incident.
R.B. Smith, 278-79.

8/7/1964 - The Democratic (socialist/fascist) 25th counterfeit congress (elected within the provisions of the fraudulent 17th amendment) passes House Joint (the Gulf of Tonkin) Resolution 1145, authorizing the president to use 'all necessary measures [to] ... prevent further aggression.' The resolution sets no limits on what Commander-in-Chief Lyndon Johnson may do, or where, or how long force may be used.
David G. Savage, 'Vietnam Ghost Haunts Senate,' Los Angeles Times, 17 September 2001, A14. 

8/10/1964 - Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson signs House Joint (the Gulf of Tonkin) Resolution 1145, which gives him a free hand to conduct offensive military operations in Vietnam.

"To any in southeast Asia who ask our help in defending their freedom, we shall give it. ... This resolution stands squarely within the four corners of the Constitution of the United States. It is clearly consistent with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations."

 And millions of dead later' In fact Ho Chi Minh had asked the U.S. for help in dislodging the French occupation of his country, but since the U.S. was courting the French to join NATO, we took the side of the French colonialists and gave them arms and equipment to subdue the Vietnamese in French Indochina. The Soviets seized the opportunity to use the VN war for independence as a proxy in the cold war. Another war we had no business being in, since we had lost thousands of people liberating France form the Nazis. Same principle, different situation. And here we go again. Like the lesson of Vietnam never happened. '' JL

8/30/1964 - The New Deal III/Great Society (1964-68) continues: while the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson signs the Economic Opportunity Act Office of 1964, creating, a myriad of vocational programs in communities, which are to be directly administered by the Federal government'bypassing the states'such as the Job Corps, the Neighborhood Youth Corps, and Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA, a 'domestic Peace Corps'). The act also establishes 'neighborhood centers,' which send Federal employees door-to-door to inform United States enemy/subject/citizens of their 'right' to welfare.
 Postscript: These programs did very little to help people lift themselves out of poverty, but did recruit many into a state of dependency. Many failed programs such as the Job Corps, were replaced by the Comprehensive Emploment Training Act; which in turned was replaced by the Job Partnership Training Act, when CETA was determined by CONgress to be a failure.
Larry Elder, Ten Things You Can't Say in America, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000), 163.

11/23/1964 - The United States Air Force (private mercenaries), under orders from Commander-in-Chief Lyndon Johnson, drops Belgian mercenaries into the Republic of Congo (Zaire) during a revolt against the dictator Joseph Kasavubu.
NOTE: This is the first time the United States has invaded the Republic of Congo, whereas the Republic of Congo has never invaded the U.S.
While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' the supreme court, of the corporate United states, hands down United States v. Powell:

"[T]he Commissioner [of Internal Revenue] need not meet any standard of probable cause to obtain enforcement of [an Internal Revenue Service summons], either before or after the three-year statute of limitations ... has expired. ... The burden of showing an abuse of the court's process is on the taxpayer."

U.S. v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48, 57 (1964).

12/14/1964 - The supreme court, of the corporate United states, decides Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, upholding as lawful the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which bans racial discrimination in interstate commerce.
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. 379 U.S. 241, 250, 253, 258 (1964).
While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' the supreme court hands down McClung v. Katzenbach, extending the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to businesses primarily involved in intrastate commerce.
McClung v. Katzenbach, 379 U.S. 294, 297, 300, 302 (1964).

3/8/1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder: 35 hundred United States Marines (private mercenaries)'the first combat troops of the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War'arrive at Da Nang.
NOTE: During this time, Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson started receiving telegrams from many United States enemy/subject/citizens'exercising their Right to Petition as expressed by Article I of Amendment'voicing their opposition to his involving the U.S. in the Second Vietnamese Civil War. Johnson ordered the Federal Bureau of Investigation to conduct background checks on dozens of them.
Irwin and Debi Unger, LBJ: A Life, (New York: John Wiley, 1999), 347. 

3/24/1965 - The first student 'teach-in' against the Vietnamese-American War is held at the University of michigan. This is the same place at which President Lyndon Johnson gave his 'Great Society Speech,' just ten months previous. Over three thousand students, and several hundred faculty attended this first teach-in.
Postscript: The teach-in movement quickly spread most college campuses throughout the nation. In the early stages, the department of state dispatch 'truth teams' to these meetings, to communicate the views of President Lyndon Johnson; but they we usually shouted down, and forced to leave.
NOTE: The editors are not aware of that at any time during the 'teach-ins' that the constitutional arguments against foreign wars were ever discussed.
Irwin and Debi Unger, LBJ: A Life, (New York: John Wiley, 1999), 315-16, 348.
This is true to my recollection, and I think the reason was these events were staged by socialists, and they have no love for the limits established by the Constitution. What they wanted was visceral reaction, not rational idealism, which would undermine their Marxist dialectic. '' JL

7/28/1965 - Commander-in-Chief Lyndon Johnson announces that he is increasing the number of United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) in the kleptocratic (rule by thieves) Republic of (South) Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.
'Today in History,' Orange County (California) Register, 28 July 2006, News:13.

1/12/1966 - Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson, at the reconvening of the Democratic 26th counterfeit congress (elected within the provisions of the fraudulent 17th amendment), announces the United States military presence in South Vietnam will continue until communist aggression is ended.
 'Today in History,' Orange County (California) Register, 12 January, 2001, Accent:2.

3/31/1966 - David Paul O'Brien, and three others, deliberately violate the Universal Military Training and Service Act by publicly burning their draft (involuntary servitude) cards. Their intention is to call attention to the unlawfulness of the Vietnamese-American War/Second Vietnam War by putting the UMTSA on trial.
U.S. v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 369, 375 (1968).

3/15/1967 - Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson, in a speech to the legislature of the confederate state of tennessee, says, 'America is committed to the defense of South Vietnam until an honorable peace can be negotiated'.Despite the obstacles to victory, we shall stay the course.'

4/4/1967 - Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, delivers his 'Beyond Vietnam' speech at Riverside Community Church, in New York City:

"They must see Americans as strange liberators. The Vietnamese people proclaimed their own independence in 1945 after a combined French and Japanese occupation, and before the Communist revolution in China. They were led by Ho Chi Minh. Even though they quoted the American Declaration of Independence in their own document of freedom, we refused to recognize them. ... They watch as we poison their water, as we kill a million acres of their crops. They must weep as the bulldozers roar through their areas preparing to destroy the precious trees. They wander into the hospitals, with at least twenty casualties from American firepower for one 'Vietcong'-inflicted injury. So far we may have killed a million of them'mostly children. They wander into the towns and see thousands of the children, homeless, without clothes, running in packs on the streets like animals. They see the children, degraded by our soldiers as they beg for food. They see the children selling their sisters to our soldiers, soliciting for their mothers. ... I would encourage all ministers of draft [involuntary servitude] age to give up their ministerial exemptions and seek status as conscientious objectors (pacifists). These are the times for real choices and not false ones. We are at the moment when our lives must be placed on the line if our nation is to survive its own folly. Every man of humane convictions must decide on the protest that best suits his convictions, but we must all protest."

6/1/1967 - David Braum, Jan 'Barry' Crumb and Mark Donnelly co-found Vietnam Veterans against the War, in New York City, to further oppose violations of Article IV, Section 4, by the United States government, and to help war veterans deal with the effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. 

6/23/1967 - A coalition of 80 anti-war groups, in Los Angeles, california'where Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson is speaking at a thousand 'dollar' a plate dinner'protest against the Vietnamese-American War/Second Vietnam War. The L.A. Police Department expected the crowd to be between one and two thousand, but over ten thousand march. The ensuing riot embarrasses the President and the L.A.P.D., and results in Johnson's virtual isolation in the White House for the rest of his presidency.
Kenneth Reich, 'A Bloody March, that Shook L.A.' Los Angeles Times, 23 June 1997, A1, 23.

6/24/1967 - The New Deal III/Great Society (1964-68) continues: to pay for the Great Society and the Vietnamese-American War/Second Vietnam War, Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson signs the Silver Certificate Act: the secretary of the treasury is directed to remove all United States Treasury Notes from circulation. On June 24, 1968, those may no longer be redeemed for silver (lawful Money). The Federal Reserve (central) Bank monopoly on the issuing of credit is restored.
 Silver Certificate Act of 1967, 81 Public Statutes at Large 77 (1967). U.S. President, Lyndon B. Johnson (June 24, 1967), 'Acts Approved by the President, Approved June 26, 1967, S. 1352,' Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 3 (July 3, 1967): 955.

7/31/1967 - During debate on United States involvement in the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War, Democratic (socialist/fascist) senator Wayne Morse, of oregon, reminds the senate, 'You cannot amend the Constitution by failing to follow its clauses. ... C[ON]gress cannot destroy it by ignoring it.'
Mr. Morse, Debate on the Vietnam Conflict, (July 31, 1967), U.S. Congress, 90th Congress, 1st session, Congressional Record, volume 113, part 15, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1873-present), 20709.

8/16/1967 - Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson:

Our nation was not born easily. There were times in those years of the 18th century when it seemed as if we might not be born at all. Given that background, we ought not to be astonished that this struggle in Vietnam continues. We ought not to be astonished that that nation, wracked by a war of insurgency and beset by its neighbors to the north, has not already emerged, full-blown, as a perfect model of two-party democracy.

9/4/1967 - The Cold War contniues: Voters in the kleptocratic Republic of (South) Vietnam elect, Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Thieu, of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, as president, with 80% of the vote (affirmation of the status quo). The United States Army (private mercenaries) guarded the polling places to ensure a free and fair election.

9/15/1967 - Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson, speaking from the White House, claims that, 'What happens in Vietnam is extremely important to the nation's freedom and it is extremely important to the United States' security.'

10/21/1967 -  In the District of Columbia, the Student Mobilization Committee hosts a protest of 'tens of thousands' of United States enemy/subject/citizens against the Vietnamese-American War/Second Vietnam War.

10/26/1967 - While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' United States Army Lieutenant General Lewis B. Hershey (private mercenary), Director of the Selective Service, orders that the conscription (involuntary servitude) deferments of anti-war protesters be cancelled.
B. Drummond Ayers, Jr., 'Hershey Pledges Draft Crackdown,' New York Times, 8 November 1967, 1, 8.

11/6/1967 - While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' the supreme court, of the corporate United states, refuses to hear Mora v. McNamara, in an attempt 'make the [Vietnamese-American] War go away by ... refusing to hear the cases of three obscure Army Privates' who have raised Constitutional arguments against the war.
Mora v. McNamara, 389 U.S. 934, 935 (1967).

11/15/1967 - United States Army General William Westmoreland (private mercenary) announces, 'I have never been more encouraged by my four years in Vietnam.'
Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States, (New York: Harper Colophon, 1980; HarperPerenial, 1980), 535.

11/21/1967 - United States Army General William C. Westmoreland (private mercenary), commander of the Military Assistance Command Vietnam, speaking to the National Press Club, says, '[A] new phase [of the Vietnamese-American War] is starting ... we have reached an important point where the end begins to come into view.'
Postscript: Later at a televised news conference Westmoreland uses the phrase, 'light at the end of the tunnel.'

12/23/1967 - In a speech to United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) in South Vietnam, Commander-in-Chief Lyndon Johnson praises their sacrifices made to preserve the freedom of United States enemy/subject/citizens: 'This time it is a test of will: whether we have the vision and the steady hand to see us through a grave challenge to our freedom and our liberty. You have met the challenge.'
Remarks to Service Personnel and Award of Distinguished Service Medal and Medal of Freedom to Military and Civilian Leaders, Cam Rah Bay Vietnam, U.S. President, Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) 2:1184-85.

1/8/1968 - While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' Richard Bissell, former Chief of Clandestine operations for the Central Intelligence Agency, speaking to the Council on Foreign Relations, states the complete Charter of the CIA is, and out of necessity remains, a secret. This means the nation has no way of knowing if the activities of the CIA are lawful, illegal or otherwise.
Marchetti, et. al. 47, 305, 357, 370.

1/18/1968 - While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson orders the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation to investigate singer-actress Eartha Kitt, after she criticized the Vietnamese-American War/Second Vietnam War at a White House luncheon hosted by Mrs. Johnson. The investigation is conducted in such a way that it ends Kitt's career.
Lasky, 209-10. 

1/31/1968 - The Tet (Chinese New Year) Offensive begins: on the first day of a negotiated, temporary cease fire, Viet Cong guerillas, under the co-ordination of Senior General Vo Nguyen Giap, of the Army of communist, North Viet Nam, begin a nation-wide attack on United States positions throughout kleptocratic (rule by thieves) South Vietnam.

2/25/1968 - The Tet Offensive ends: United States Armed Forces in South Vietnam win a critical'albeit Pyrrhic'victory over the Vietcong guerillas, virtually obliterating it as an effective fighting force. But WE THE PEOPLE are no longer willing to accept the price of a military settlement to the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War.
Postscript: The hollow victory of Tet, and intensified domestic opposition to the war prompts Democratic (socialist/fascist) President Lyndon Johnson to withdraw his bid for re-election a month later.

2/27/1968 -  'The most trusted man in America,' Walter Cronkite, television news-anchor for the Columbia Broadcasting System, closes his nightly report with an impromptu editorial against continued United States involvement the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War:

"Tonight, back in more familiar surroundings in New York, we'd like to sum up our findings in Vietnam, an analysis that must be speculative, personal, subjective. Who won and who lost in the great Tet offensive against the cities? I'm not sure. The Vietcong did not win by a knockout, but neither did we. The referees of history may make it a draw. Another standoff may be coming in the big battles expected south of the Demilitarized Zone. Khesanh could well fall, with a terrible loss in American lives, prestige and morale, and this is a tragedy of our stubbornness there; but the bastion no longer is a key to the rest of the northern regions, and it is doubtful that the American forces can be defeated across the breadth of the DMZ with any substantial loss of ground. Another standoff. On the political front, past performance gives no confidence that the Vietnamese government can cope with its problems, now compounded by the attack on the cities. It may not fall, it may hold on, but it probably won't show the dynamic qualities demanded of this young nation. Another standoff."
. . .
We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds. They may be right, that Hanoi's winter-spring offensive has been forced by the Communist realization that they could not win the longer war of attrition, and that the Communists hope that any success in the offensive will improve their position for eventual negotiations. It would improve their position, and it would also require our realization, that we should have had all along, that any negotiations must be that -- negotiations, not the dictation of peace terms. For it seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate. This summer's almost certain standoff will either end in real give-and-take negotiations or terrible escalation; and for every means we have to escalate, the enemy can match us, and that applies to invasion of the North, the use of nuclear weapons, or the mere commitment of one hundred, or two hundred, or three hundred thousand more American troops to the battle. And with each escalation, the world comes closer to the brink of cosmic disaster.
. . . 
To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. On the off chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemy's intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. But it is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out then will be to negotiate, not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they could.

NOTE: Many credit'or blame'Cronkite's editorial as the point at which public opinion turned from supporting to opposing the war. President Lyndon Johnson is said to have lamented, 'We've lost Cronkite.'

3/16/1968 - The My Lai Massacre: Soldiers of the United States Army (private mercenaries) kill over one hundred unarmed Vietnamese civilians.
David Wallechinsky and Irving Wallace, eds., The People's Almanac, (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1975), 643.

5/27/1968 - While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' the supreme court, of the corporate United states, hands down United States v. O'Brien, refusing to recognize draft involuntary servitude) card burning as Free Speech: '[W]hen 'speech' and 'non-speech' elements are combined in the same course of conduct...regulating the nonspeech element can justify...limitations on [the] First Amendment....'
U.S. v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 375 (1968).

2/25/1969 - The Thanh Phong Massacre: United States Navy Lieutenant Joseph Robert 'Bob' Kerry (private mercenary), in command of a seven man SEa, Air and Land (SEAL) Team, summarily executes twenty-one unarmed old men, women and children under the mistaken belief that they are Viet Cong guerilla combatants.
Postscript: Kerry is eventually awarded the Bronze Star for his heroism in this event by the same government that trained him and sent him there in one of its many foreign and/or undeclared wars.
John J. Goldman, 'Kerry Tells of '69 Vietnam Raid That Killed Civilians,' Los Angeles Times, 26 April 2001, A1, 19. A.J. Langguth, 'Death, Taxes and Bob Kerry,' Los Angeles Times, 6 May 2001, M1, 2.

3/16/1969 -  'Operation Menu' begins: de facto Commander-in-Chief Nixon, Esq., orders the United States Air Force (private mercenaries) to secretly bomb North Vietnamese Army bases in Cambodia'which expands the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War into an officially neutral nation.
Shawcross, 19-23.

6/6/1969 - The circuit court of appeals for the District of Columbia decides National Student Association v. Hershey: actions by municipal draft boards to reclassify college students with deferments as eligible for the military involuntary servitude) draft because they protested against the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War are unlawful.
National Student Association v. Hershey, 412 F.2d 1103, 1115, 1116, 1119, 1120 (Cir. D.C. 1969).

10/15/1969 - MORATORIUM DAY: Two million United States enemy/subject/citizens gather around the nation to protest the Second Vietnam War (First Vietnamese Civil War/Vietnamese-American War).
Zinn, 'The New History,' Zinn Reader, 540-41.

11/3/1969 - Republican (fascist/socialist) de facto President Nixon, Esq., delivers his 'Silent Majority' speech to the nation, in which he claims, 'North Vietnam cannot defeat or humiliate the United States. Only Americans can do that.'
NOTE: While the meaning of this passage'when taken in context with the rest of the speech'clearly means that it is not the efforts of the communists that will defeat the U.S. Armed Forces in the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War, it is the anti-war movement within the U.S. that could ultimately lower military morale to the point that 'defeat' is inevitable. Taken out of context, the editors agree that it could be interpreted as:
Neither Tojo, Hitler, Stalin, Mao, Ho, Khomeni, or Saddam Hussein could humiliate America. Nor can Osama bin Laden, deprive Americans of Trial by a Fully Informed Jury; the Freedoms of Religion, Speech, Assembly, Press; the right of arms for self-defense; the right of privacy; the freedom to travel'only elected Americans who disregard their oaths to 'protect and defend the Constitution for the united States, from all enemies, foreign and domestic' can do that.
Kurnow, 684.

1/1/1970 - De facto Commander-in-Chief Nixon, Esq., awards the CONgressional Medal of Honor to United States Navy Lieutenant Joseph Robert 'Bob' Kerry (private mercenary), for his role in the Thanh Phong Massacre.
John J. Goldman, 'Kerry Tells of '69 Vietnam Raid That Killed Civilians,' Los Angeles Times, 26 April 2001, A1, 19. The exact day for this event is not known.

4/2/1970 - The legislature of the commonwealth of massachusetts passes Public Act 164, exempting its residents from being required to fight in an undeclared, foreign war (the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War).  NOTE: Were massachusetts to exercise its lawful powers as a State, its legislature would order its two U.S. Senators to vote against continued funding for the Second Vietnam War (First Vietnamese Civil War/Vietnamese-American War). According to Article I, Section 3, Clause 1, Senators are to be elected to represent their State legislatures in the District of Columbia as a government. This is how the State governments are able to participate in the federal process, how power in the District of Columbia is diffused, and how the unbridled passions of the people, through their House of Representatives, can be held in check.
Massachusetts, Public Act 164, Acts and Resolves, (Boston: F.X. Doren, Secretary of the Commonwealth, 1970), 77-78.

4/30/1970 - De facto Commander-in-Chief Nixon, Esq., orders the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) to invade Cambodia, and destroy the North Vietnamese Army there'which further expands the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War.
Postscript: As a result of the expansion of the war into Cambodia, more bombs were dropped on that nation killing an estimated 750,000 Cambodian nationals, and paving the way for the radicalization of the Cambodian peasantry and their acceptance of Pol Pot and the murderous Khmer Rouge. When the Khmer Rouge took control of Cambodia in 1975, they began a four-year killing spree that cost the lives of another 1,500,000 Cambodians.
Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire, (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), 63. Dwight W. Murphy, ''Kent State': Revisited,' Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, Summer 1993, 236.

5/1/1970 - Kent State (Federal enclave of Ohio) University students, protesting Commander-in-Chief Nixon's expansion of the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War into Cambodia, bury a copy of the Constitution, saying 'it was 'dead.''
John Kifner, 'Troops Subdue Students in Ohio,' New York Times, 4 May 1970, 11.
Republican (fascist/socialist) President Nixon calls those United States enemy/subject/citizens that are protesting his unlawful prosecution of a foreign war 'bums.'
Robert Semple, 'Nixon Says Violence Invites Tragedy,' New York Times, 5 May 1970, 16.

5/2/1970 - Kent State (Federal enclave of Ohio) University students, continuing their protest against the unlawful Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War, burn the campus building housing the Reserve Officer Training Corps (private mercenaries) unit.
"Columbia Agrees to Halt Classes One Day Action Tomorrow Will Protest Troop Move; Violence on Campuses," New York Times, 3 May 1970, 5.

5/14/1970 - Jackson, mississippi police kill two Jackson State University students who had been protesting the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War.

5/31/1970 - De facto Commander-in-Chief Richard Nixon, Esq., orders he Joint Chiefs of Staff (private mercenaries) to continue to pursue an aggressive expansion of the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War into Cambodia, but to tell the media that United States Armed Forces are merely providing support to the Army of the Republic of (South) Vietnam: 'Publicly we will say one thing, actually we will do another.'
Cal Woodward, 'Nixon Papers Show Deception on War,' Orange County (California) Register, 17 November 2005, News:16.

6/29/1970 -  While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' the supreme court, of the corporate United states, hands down United States v. Sisson: conscientious objectors may refuse military service'only if such service would violate their religious (and not political) convictions, such as being opposed to foreign wars, which happen to be against Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution.

2/8/1971 - Operation Lamson 719 (named after an ancient Vietnamese victory over the Chinese) begins: fifteen thousand inexperienced divisions of infantry of the Army of Vietnam invade Laos. Their objective to penetrate twenty miles into hostile Pathet Lao (communist guerilla) territory to the city of Tchepone, thereby cutting off the Ho Chi Minh Trail (a complex network of roads and jungle paths), which is the supply line between communist North Vietnam and the Vietcong guerillas in South Vietnam. This first test of de facto Commander-in-Chief Nixon's (Esq.) policy of 'Vietnamization' (the replacement United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) with Army of the Republic of (South) Vietnam regulars) seems doomed from the start as the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam estimated the operation would require at a seasoned force of twice the size kleptocratic (rule by thieves) dictator Nguyen Van Thieu was willing to commit. But what is worse, Thieu has ordered the ARVN to withdraw once it has sustained three thousand casualties.
Kurnow, 629.

4/17/1971 - Operation Lamson 719 (named after an ancient Vietnamese victory over the Chinese) ends: Republican (fascist/socialist) de facto President Nixon, Esq., in a televised address to the nation, says 'Tonight I can report that Vietnamization [the replacement United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) with Army of the Republic of (South) Vietnam regulars] has succeeded.' The truth is Lamson 719 was miserable failure. Not only did the ARVN fail to accomplish its stated goal of cutting off and holding the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the supply line from communist North Vietnam, through Laos and Cambodia, to the Vietcong guerillas in kleptocratic (rule by thieves) South Vietnam, but it has demonstrated that the top commanders in the ARVN, after over a decade of training at the best military schools in the U.S., have apparently been willing to apply very little leadership and military skill.
NOTES: The failure of Lamson 719 was accompanied by massive anti-U.S. demonstrations in Saigon, by anti communists who feel the eventual withdrawal of U.S. armed forces will leave South Vietnam unprotected against re-unification. The growing hostility made it nearly impossible for U.S. Armed Forces to interact with the South Vietnamese people. This sense of isolation soon lead many U.S. Armed Forces to turn to illicit drugs. It was estimated by the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam that even at the end of 1970 about one-fourth of the troops were using drugs recreationally (usually heroin).
United States Army units, during this period, frequently broke down into rival factions, along racial and/or geographic lines, in which soldiers of African, European and Hispanic descent; soldiers from the republic of texas and the 'Deep South'; and soldiers from the Northeast and the republic of california, would coalesce and make war on each other.
Kurnow, 630-32.

4/22/1971 -  Dewey Canyon III: former United States Navy Lieutenant (Junior Grade) John F. Kerry, recipient of the Silver and Bronze Stars, and three Purple Hearts, testifies to the senate foreign relations committee about war crimes committed by United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries), during the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War:

"They told the stories at times they had personally raped, cut off ears, cut off heads, taped wires from portable telephones to human genitals and turned up the power, cut off limbs, blown up bodies, randomly shot at civilians, razed villages in fashion reminiscent of Genghis Khan, shot cattle and dogs for fun, poisoned food stocks, and generally ravaged the countryside of South Vietnam in addition to the normal ravage of war, and the normal and very particular ravaging which is done by the applied bombing power of this country. "
. . . .
"In our opinion, and from our experience, there is nothing in South Vietnam, nothing which could happen that realistically threatens the United States of America. And to attempt to justify the loss of one American life in Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos by linking such loss to the preservation of freedom, which those misfits supposedly abuse is to us the height of criminal hypocrisy, and it is that kind of hypocrisy which we feel has torn this country apart. "

Postscript: The next day, Kerry led a rally of one thousand Vietnam Veterans Against the War. At the end of the rally many protestors their combat medals and ribbons, berets, ID tags, photographs of deceased comrades, canes, and one artificial leg at the Capitol Building. Although Kerry threw his ribbons, and some medals, it turns out the medals belong to a patient in the Brooklyn, new york, Veterans Hospital, and an Axis War (World War II) veteran, neither of whom could make it to Dewey Canyon III. Three decades later, as Democratic (socialist/fascist) senator of the commonwealth of massachusetts, Kerry has his combat medals prominently displayed in his office. Kerry caught the attention of Republican (fascist/socialist) de facto President Nixon, Esq., who ordered the Federal Bureau of Investigation to place him under surveillance.
John M. Glionna, 'FBI Shadowed Kerry During Activist Era,' Los Angeles Times, 22 March 2004, A1, 12. Stephen Braun, 'Kerry's Lionizing Shift From Officer to Activist,' Los Angeles Times, 23 April 2004, A1, 22-23.

6/13/1971 - The New York Times begins publishing the 'History of U.S. Decision-Making on Viet Nam Policy,' a set of documents assembled in 1967, on the orders of Robert Strange McNamara, Secretary of Defense. The report details the disparate and conflicting strategies used by the United States to contain communism in Vietnam. The department of justice files for an immediate injunction against the New York Times, as the editors have refused all requests from the Federal government to stop publication. A Federal Grand Jury indicts Daniel Ellsberg, a former Department of Defense analyst, for espionage'leaking the material to the media.
NOTE: This report is commonly known today as the 'Pentagon Papers.' It was never clear why McNamara ordered this confidential report be compiled. A common explanation is that McNamara planned on giving it to Democratic (socialist/fascist) de facto senator Robert Kennedy, Esq., of new york, who was contemplating a bid for the presidency.
Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1991), 684n. Kurnow, 633. 

6/22/1972 - While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' Henry Kissinger, National Security Advisor to Republican (fascist/socialist) de facto President Nixon, Esq., confides in Chou En-Lai, Premier of the mainland, communist People's Republic of ('Red') China, that the U.S. government would accept a communist victory in the Second Vietnam War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Vietnamese-American War, as long as there were a 'decent interval' between that event, and the withdrawal of U.S. Armed Forces.
Postscript: After this conversation, almost another 2,000 U.S. Armed Forces lost their lives in Vietnam, before the communist Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam won the Third Vietnam War/Second Vietnamese Civil War.
Calvin Woodward, 'Kissinger Revealed In Former Secrets,' Orange County (California) Register, 28 May 2006, News:27, 32-33.

8/1/1972 - While the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) are in Vietnam 'defending freedom,' de facto Commander-in-Chief Nixon, Esq., under the authority of the Trading With the Enemy Act of 1917, amended as 1933, issues Executive Order 11677, declaring a national emergency: '[I]n view of the national emergencies declared by Proclamation[s] 2914 ... and 4074. ... to further ... the foreign policy of the United States and to aid in fulfilling its international responsibilities.'
Executive Order 11677, 3 Code of Federal Regulations 719, 720 (1971-75).

1/27/1973 - Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War ends: Henry Kissinger, secretary of state, and Foreign Minister Le Duc Tho, of communist North Vietnam, sign a cease fire agreement in which the Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam agrees to recognize the independence of kleptocratic (rule by thieves) South Vietnam, and return all American prisoners of war by April 1. In return the U.S. pledges to completely withdraw from Vietnam by April 1, and furnish North Vietnam with 3.25 billion 'dollars' in humanitarian aid. This is a Bill of Attainder, assessing guilt for a crime through a legislative rather than a judicial process, which is a violation of Article I, Section 9, Clause 3.
Melvyn R. Laird, Secretary of Defense, announces that the military draft (involuntary servitude) has ended. From now on voluntary enlistment will be encouraged by disruptions in the economy caused by the Federal Reserve System, as thise with marginal work skill sare attracted to military service. (This is because military ranks are commonly filled with the marginally employable. In good times enlistments fall, in bad times enlistments rise.)
NOTE: If North Vietnam wished to receive compensation for its losses, it should have filed suit in Federal court against those officials who ordered and carried out the unlawful and foreign war of aggression against it.
 Postscript: Three decades later parts of Vietnam are uninhabitable due to the more than 18 million gallons of dioxin (a.k.a. Agent Orange) herbicides (weapons of mass destruction) dumped upon that nation. Children in affected areas have been still-born with two heads, others bear little differentiation from the placenta. About 500,000 children have died prematurely from AO related diseases. Polio and Down Syndrome are also found in higher incidences in Vietnam than in any other nation in the world.
David E. Rosenbaum, 'Nation Ends Draft, Turns to Volunteers,' New York Times, 28 January 1973, 1. Kurnow, 686.

5/11/1973 - The Federal court for the central district of california decides United States v. Ellsberg: judge William M. Byrne dismisses espionage charges against Daniel Ellsberg, a former Department of Defense analyst, for leaking the 'Pentagon Papers,' which disclose the deception on the part of the Johnson administration in starting the Vietnamese-American War.
'Today in History,' Orange County (California) Register, 11 May 2000, Accent:2.

9/16/1974 - De facto Commander-in-Chief Ford (25th amendment) issues Proclamation 4313, offering amnesty for those who evaded conscription (involuntary servitude) into and deserted the United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries) during the Vietnamese-American War/First Vietnamese Civil War/Second Vietnam War, on the condition that they do two-years community service for their part in resisting an unlawful foreign war.
Proclamation 4313, Announcing a Program for the Return of Vietnam Draft Evaders and Military Deserters, U.S. President, Gerald R. Ford, (1974): 138-40.

1/6/1975 - The Second Vietnamese Civil War/Third Vietnam War begins: the Army of the communist Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam commences hostilities against the rival, kleptocratic (rule by thieves) Republic of (South) Vietnam . The NVA command has estimated that it will take two years to reunify the nation.
Postscript: Before the month is out, the NVA captures Phuoc Binh, the capital of the central province of Phuoc Long, virtually cutting South Vietnam into two pieces.
Kurnow, 687.

4/30/1975 - The Second Vietnamese Civil War/Third Vietnam War ends: General Doung Van Minh, military dictator of the kleptocratic (rule by thieves) Republic of (South) Vietnam'the third dictator in a week'surrenders to Colonel Bui Tin, of the Army of the communist Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam. This completes the NVA command's two-year timetable for the reunification of Vietnam'twenty months ahead of schedule.
NOTES:
There was probably nothing that could, or should, have been done to stave off the inevitability of Vietnam's reunification under nationalistic and communist rule. Had it happened in 1945, instead of 1975, free-market reforms might have begun to take place in 1954, instead of 1994. And hundreds of billions of 'dollars' 'recovered' (seized) through the unlawful income tax, along with the lives of over fifty thousand United States Armed Forces (private mercenaries), conscripted through the equally unlawful military draft (involuntary servitude), would not have been wasted'along with one to one and a half million Vietnamese nationals.
During the two decade involvement of United States in the Vietnam Wars, the number of Southeast Asians, in their own nation, killed by the U.S. was approximately 3,000,000; whereas the number of Americans, in their own nation, killed by Southeast Asians was approximately zero.
This ends the U.S.' fourth attempt at 'nation-building'; this one resulting in failure, bringing its success/failure ratio to (2-2).
Postscript: As a result, the United States Armed Forces left Thailand as well. It was only after the U.S. Armed forces left the Thailand that their nation economy stabilized, and began prospering.
Doug Bandow, 'Nation-Building's Grim Record,' Orange County (California) Register, 25 April 2003, Local:7. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire, (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), 63. Kurnow, 687.